Due to its geographical location, Türkiye is located on the fault line that starts from the Alps and extends to the Himalayas, and unfortunately, it is an earthquake zone. Earthquakes can occur in three different ways called collapse, volcanic and tectonic earthquakes in the world.
Collapse earthquakes
Earthquakes occur when underground caves suddenly collapse. It is a regional earthquake, small It is felt in an area and the damage it causes is low.
Volcanic earthquakes
It is an earthquake that causes a slight shaking just before the eruption of a volcano and is also a sign that the volcano will erupt. The collapse is felt in a small area like earthquakes, and the damage it causes is low. (Since there are no active volcanoes in Turkey, there will be no volcanic earthquakes.)
Tectonic earthquakes
A large proportion of the earthquakes that occur on earth are tectonic earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes occur when the underground fault breaks and After the first earthquake, it gradually weakens and continues for a long time (this is also called aftershocks). This earthquake causes the most damage to the earth. Tectonic earthquake is also the most common type of earthquake in our country.
There have been large and severe earthquakes in Türkiye’s history from past to present and unfortunately, many of our citizens lost their lives in these earthquakes. It is vital that the buildings constructed in Turkey, an earthquake country, are constructed in accordance with earthquake regulations.
Earthquake regulations in Turkey determine the necessary conditions to increase the earthquake resistance of the buildings to be built and inspect and control them throughout the construction process. The foundation, design, and type of concrete and iron to be used for the buildings to be built in Turkey must be made within the scope of this regulation.
What is foundation? How many types of foundations are there?
The foundation is one of the most important structural elements of a construction because in order for the structure to be strong and durable, the foundation must first be solid. The foundation connects the structure to a solid ground to prevent it from being negatively affected by earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters that may occur. A building cannot be built without a foundation. The foundation transfers the weight of the building to the ground and creates a connection between the building and the ground. The appropriate foundation type must be selected according to the type and ground of the structure to be built.
We can divide the foundations used in construction in Turkey under two main headings: deep foundations and shallow (shallow) foundations. These foundations are listed as follows…
Superficial foundations Deep Fundamentals
Sub-wall foundations Footing foundations
Singular (individual) foundations Pile foundations
Combined foundations Caisson (well) foundations
Continuous foundations
Rat Foundations
The most used foundation among these foundation types in Fethiye is the Raft Foundation.
What is raft foundation?
Raft foundation is a type of superficial foundation that distributes the loads from the building evenly onto the ground. Since the raft foundation is in the form of a reinforced concrete plate, it distributes the weight of the structure evenly and spreads it on the ground. It is known that the raft foundation moves with the structure in case of a possible earthquake and prevents the damage caused by the earthquake to a large extent. Raft foundation is preferred in many projects today.
Pile Foundations
Among the pile foundations, the most commonly used foundations in the houses built in the Fethiye region are the foundations strengthened with the application of bored piles.
What is bored pile application?
Bored pile application is carried out in a steel pipe placed on the ground if the ground on which the structure will sit is too soft to bear the load of the structure. It is a foundation analysis method used to make the structure earthquake resistant by strengthening it with reinforced concrete filled rods.
How is the application done?
After the ground survey is done and the ground is ready for work, depending on the size and characteristics of the structure to be built, Steel pipes with a diameter of 50 to 300 cm and a length of approximately 50 meters are prepared. The places where the piles will be placed are determined and holes are opened. The prepared pipes are placed in the opened pits are integrated and filled with concrete. After the concrete of the piles has dried, the raft foundation is poured and the piles are connected to the foundation. Thanks to this method, a solid and earthquake-resistant structure is built and used for many years.
What is jet grout application?
Jet grout is a type of ground improvement that is applied by not only creating a column with cementitious mortar injected into the ground with a pressure of 300-500 bars, but also by filling the capillary gaps in the ground with cement. Thanks to this process, the bearing capacity of the ground increases significantly.
Type of concrete to be used in the construction of the building
Concrete is one of the most important fixtures of the structure to be built. If we were to briefly define concrete… Concrete: kum, çimento ve suyun uygun oranlarda karıştırılarak elde edilen bir yapı malzemesidir. Betonun kullanım alanlarına göre değişen sınıfları vardır. Beton C14, C16, C18, C20, C25, C30, C35, C40, C45, C50 olmak üzere 10 farklı sınıfa ayrılır. Bu sınıflar betonun her bir m2’sinin kaç kg yük taşıma kapasitesine sahip olduğunu gösterir. Biz Tufan Properties olarak inşaa ettiğimiz projelerimizde deprem yönetmeliğine uygun olarak C25/30 ve C30/37 beton kullanıyoruz.
Iron used in building construction and its properties
Contrary to the concrete we use in construction works that is resistant to high pressures, it is also weak against stretching. For this reason, we use concrete and iron together and call it reinforced concrete. This word also means reinforced concrete. In construction, two types of iron are generally used in columns and beams: longitudinal reinforcement and transverse reinforcement. Longitudinal reinforcements are rebars used end to end in columns or beams. Transverse reinforcements are the rebars that we use to surround the longitudinal reinforcements and fasten them together. This process is also called stirrup. Stirrups are applied at certain intervals with static calculations and surround the column and beam. Stirrup process is among the most important applications of a construction.
We tried to provide brief information on the manufacture of a solid, high-quality structure that complies with earthquake regulations.
Construction process and operations at Tufan Properties
As Tufan Properties, when we design earthquake-resistant buildings, we first make ground survey analysis and geotechnical reporting from the land where the building will be built. According to the soil analysis results, we select and apply the method appropriate to the land and project in lands that will need soil improvement or soil strengthening. We make the ground on which the building will sit healthy for the building. After ground improvement, we create the static structure that will keep the building standing and start the process with the appropriate foundation type. We generally use shallow foundations as the foundation system and the Raft foundation system among the superficial foundations. In our projects where the ground conditions require deep foundations, we strengthen the ground with the application of bored pile system and apply the raft foundation system. Building carrier system, As a reinforced concrete carcass, we calculate and construct it in accordance with the technical and static specifications of the Ministry of Public Works, and use concrete between C25/30 or C30/37 in the concrete parts of the construction. Additionally, we use Sika-1 waterproofing additive as a concrete admixture in all our projects. We use 14-16 mm ribbed rebar as iron, and we pay extreme attention to ensuring that stirrup distances comply with the regulations. We prefer iso brick to provide sound and heat insulation on our walls. In all our projects bearing our signature, we benefit from the current construction technologies of their period. We produce all of our projects in accordance with the regulations, and are inspected throughout the construction period by an independent construction inspection company appointed by the state. When our construction and all applications are completed, the official process begins. After applying for building use and obtaining the residence permit, the most special projects where you will discover all the beauties of Fethiye are meeting with their owners.